Ethical Theories And Doctrines That Affects Companies ...

Organisations operating within a community are increasingly being recognised to include individuals and groups as its stakeholders in the long-term security and success of the organization. Therefore, it is important to include these community groups in the corporate and communications strategy to build a positive relationship. A frequently used term to define this strategy is corporate social responsibility (CSR) that is defined by Tench (2013) as how organisations plan and manage their relationships with key stakeholders. Although organisations are not a state, country or region, they are part of the infrastructure of society and thus, they must consider their impact on it. There is a significant debate whether companies should choose to†¦show more content†¦Philosophers describes cognitivism as ‘the belief that there are objective moral truths which can be known and consequently that a statement of moral belief can be true or false’ (Theaker 2003). Non-cognit ivism on another hand is described as the belief that morality is subjective or culturally relative, which means in regards to moral right and wrong, there are only beliefs, attitudes and opinions. However, business ethics and the concept of corporate social responsibilities had a significant impact especially from the cognitivist perspective such as utilitarianism, Kantianism and ‘rights’ theories (ibid) From the consequentionalist theory, utilitarianism stresses the consequences to society as a whole – the greatest good for the greatest number (Curtin and Boynton, 2001, cited in Heath 2001). It is a notion that ‘an action is right only to the extent that it causes more good than ill to be produced’ (Somerville 2003). In simple words, an action is considered ethical and right if it leads to a positive effect. However, utilitarian critics note that it is difficult to know the consequences of actions before the fact as not all things can be calculated. It also requires promotion or maximization of ‘goods’ such as economic growth in order to achieve utility that allows the sacrificing of individuals and minorities ‘for the greater

Prison Reform in Russia and Crime and Punishment, by...

The novel Crime and Punishment occurs in the summer of 1865; a time when radical legal and social changes swept through Russia. The reforms of 1860’s and 1870’s were known as the Great Reforms because they affected every aspect of Russian life. With â€Å"an 1861 decree emancipating the serfs and [a] monumental reform of the court system in 1864,† the Russian society was still transitioning from an Estate-of-the-realm style toward a more just system focused on equality (Burnham 1227). The reformed penal system is not just under the modern sense of justice, yet it provided a far greater level of equality than the previous model, dominated by aristocrats and government officials. Lagging behind a few years, Russia was following the†¦show more content†¦Dostoevsky insist Raskolnikov cannot be satisfied with himself without a formal confession to the authorities; thus, linking self-satisfaction with the justice system illustrates that Dostoevsky believes the true nature of the criminal justice system should be to rehabilitate rather than to maim and toss away. According to William Burnham, the law around the time of Crime and Punishment â€Å"required confessions [to] be voluntary, consistent with the factual circumstances of the case, and be judicial† in order to be applicable evidence (1236). Porfiry probes Raskolnikov for this three-prong confession routinely (Porfiry almost certainly knows Raskolnikov committed the crime, but he cannot prove it). Quoting an English proverb, Porfiry says, â€Å"a hundred rabbits will never make a horse, a hundred suspicions will never make a proof† (Dostoevsky 452). Raskolnikov’s calculations and covering of evidence show the ease with which he hid the evidence from the investigation. Porfiry merely checks the blatant locations: Raskolnikov’s apartment. The office’s shallow ability to search for clues represents the entire justice system’s inability to be ef fective. Dostoevsky criticizes the criminal justice system because while it is doing what people like, arresting criminals, it is avoiding its true purpose: turning crooks back into citizens. The system is very similar to Porfiry; while he is a very likeableShow MoreRelatedThe Harsh Reality: Crime and Punishment Essay1926 Words   |  8 Pages A paragon of realist literature, Fyodor Dostoevsky harshly exposes nihilism in his novel, Crime and Punishment, published in 1866. He wields his knowledge of social psychology and pathology to weave the cautionary tale, borrowing liberally from his personal life. Its protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, is intelligent yet bitter and unfeeling, embodying the qualities of nihilism, the desertion of one or more meaningful aspects of life. The philosophical doctrine of nihilism is historically ubiquitousRead MoreThe Themes of Dostoyevsky2976 Words   |  12 Pages The Themes of Dostoyevsky Fyodor Dostoyevsky, born in 1821, would become one of the greatest writers in Russian literature. Fyodor received an education in engineering in St. Petersburg, but decided to follow a literary career. He was a person who wrote how they felt about certain topics, and felt that everyone should know about the government. Dostoyevsky joined the underground group, the Petrashevsky circle, the to bring out the truth in these books, which were forbidden in the public. Through

Light and Saint Luke Free Essays

The painting St. Luke by Master Theodoric was painted 1360-1364 and is paint and gold on panel. The size of the piece is 115 x 94 cm. We will write a custom essay sample on Light and Saint Luke or any similar topic only for you Order Now St. Luke is located in the Holy Cross Chapel, Karlstejn Castle, near Prague. One of the most intriguing parts of this painting is above Saint Luke’s right shoulder is a tan colored miniature ox. Although the ox is a symbol of Saint Luke, when I see this piece the miniature ox gives the impression to be an ominous figure in the painting. This may not be the focal point of this artwork however; this small part is the first object that I noticed. What makes this painting unique and is two parts of the painting spill over onto the golden frame. Perhaps the most noticeable part of this painting is Saint Luke’s piercing gaze. I believe this to be the focal point of the painting. His large gray eyes seem to looking to the right, not right at the viewer, his stare is slightly eerie. He is an older man; the signs of age can be seen on his forehead and the graying in his facial hair. Saint Luke’s beard is long, like you would expect of the time. It is very wavy and seems to curl in places. His head seems to be large which during the time this piece was painted was a common style toward the end of that century was. Saint Luke is wearing a vibrant blue robe like the types you would see in religious artworks. The detail in the color of his robe stands out. For instance, darker shades were used in parts of the folds of the material. The lighter parts are the outside, it gives the illusion that there may be a light facing the painting and the light is reflecting off his robe. Another important detail is in front of his heart is a cross painted in the lighter shade of blue of the robe. The placement of the cross is situated over his heart. Under the cross his hand is extend out of the robe. His hand has long boney fingers with blue veins on the top of his hand. It doesn’t give the impression of someone that is elderly because it lacks wrinkles, mostly appears as it is someone who is frail. In his left hand is a thick book that has a red cover and white sheets of paper. The book looks as though it may be a bible. The book is open to the middle of the book facing out; the pages of the book are blank. In the upper left corner of the painting is the miniature ox which is a symbol of Saint Luke. The ox seems to be breaking through the wall behind Saint Luke and resting on his right shoulder. Behind the ox is a brilliant blue sky with white clouds. The ox is a dark beige color, a very earthy tone. His right profile is the only part of his face that you can see; his eye is a deep red color. On top of his head are his horns which are a light brown at the base and gradually take a darker shade, they are black at the tips of his horns. At the base his hair is curly and the same shade as his body. On his back are odd shape wings that are multiple shades of light and dark pinks. The shape is wavy with the small feathers. They are not the normal shape of wings that you are customary of seeing. The background looks to be a wall that is painted gold in a geometric pattern. The pattern is very detailed, there appears to be flowers in the shapes. Behind Saint Luke’s head there appears to be a halo painted in the same bold gold color. The designs behind Saint Luke are the same design carried over to the frame giving the appearance of the painting being three dimensional. On the frame at the top where the miniature ox is coming through the wall behind Saint Luke, the blue sky is paint is overlapping on the frame. This also occurs on the right side of the frame, the top right corner of the open book is painted onto the frame also. At the bottom of the frame there is an oval cut out. Within the cut out there is another cutout possibly meant to hold some sort of object, it looks to be empty. The style in which this artwork was painted to me says good and evil. The miniature ox to me looks like a goat due to the size and I have never heard of a miniature ox. The red eye and the horns give the impression that he represents the devil. Saint Luke to me symbolizes holy and spiritual. I am uncertain the meaning and purpose of the open book with the blank pages. Religious works of art such as paintings, sculptures, and architectures can be interpreted many ways by many different people. How to cite Light and Saint Luke, Papers