Professional Athletes and Steriod Use Essay -- Professional Sports

Steroid is a name placen to drugs that are manufactured from testosterone, a reproductive hormone found in men. Some supporters normally use anabolic steroids because these drugs improve ones capacity to compete and train, yielding high results. Steroids scat by reducing exhaustion during training, and also reduce the length of time an athlete needs to recover from exhaustion. In addition, steroids enable the growth of tissues and muscles in an athletes body by instructing the body to produce extra proteins. During the 1936 Olympics held in Berlin, the first rumors of athletes using steroids emerged. The problem of athletes using steroids was again reported in 1954 during load lifting championships. The Soviet athletes recorded a very impressive performance at all levels of weight lifting. Later on, the teams physician admitted that the Soviet athletes were be injected with testosterone in order to increase their muscle mass and strength after being questioned some how they ach ieved their success. WHO (World Health Organization) in 1968 was the first party to complain about incidents of athletes using steroids, these sentiments were later backed by IOC (International Olympic Committee). This paper is going to give reasons why professional athletes should not be allowed to use steroids (Yesalis 25).Professional Athletes Should non be allowed to Use SteroidsWinstrol and Dianabol are the most frequently used anabolic steroids by professional athletes. The main disadvantage of using steroids in sports is that the use of these substances amounts to cheating. This is because steroids give unfair advantage to athletes that use them. Use of steroids has made some prominent athletes to rise and fall during their careers. In all ... ...Beamish, Rob. Steroids A refreshed Look At Performance-Enhancing Drugs. Santa Barbara, CA Praeger, 2011. Print.Canseco, Jose. Juiced Wild Times, Rampant Roids, Smash Hits, And How Baseball Got Big. New York, NY Harper, 2005. Print . Goldman, Bob, Patricia J. Bush, and Ronald Klatz. Death in the Locker Room Steroids & Sports. South Bend, IN Icarus Press, 2004. Print. Mohun, Janet and Aziz Khan. Drugs, Steroids, and Sports. New York, NY F. Watts, 2008. Print.Lau, Doretta. Steroids. New York, NY Rosen Central, 2008. Print. Sterngass, Jon. Steroids. New York, NY Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2011. Print.Stevens, Sarah. Steroids. New York, NY Crestwood House, 2001. Print.Yesalis, Charles E. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics, 2000. Print.

Essay --

Brian McGrathMr. MillerAccelerated US History I25 February 2014In the early part of the 18th century, the British government implemented salutary neglect toward its colonies with limited engagement in economic and political affairs. From across the Atlantic, Britain enacted protocols such the Navigation Laws and the Molasses Act, but enforcement of such trade regulation was minimal. The colonists and British existed in symbiosis. The colonists benefited from a relationship without great limitations and displayed a friendly and appreciative spatial relation toward the British the British held the colonists on a long leash and reaped the benefits of the fertile and productive land offered by the New World. However, the French and Indian War drastically altered this mother-daughter relationship, significantly changing the ideological, political, and economic association between Great Britain and its American colonies. When the British saw the necessity for imperial control, colonists were repulsed by the unexpected rudeness they received. The aftermath of the war revealed British politi...

The British Empire Essay -- British History, Industrialization, Politi

The British pudding stone is the largest empire ever seen on the face of this planet. The empire was split up into two. The first part of the empire revolved around the British colonies in America that were popularly known as the thirteen colonies. These gained independence from Britain in 1783. The insurgent part of the empire, which developed from the first empire, came later. It started during the Napoleonic wars and survived throughout the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. In fact, the British withdrew from its last colony, Hong Kong, in 1997 so the empire lasted for a long time. It developed from India and spun to regions of Africa and Australia. The influence and the power of the empire spun around the world shaping it in different ways. This influence is still unmingled in many places that fell under its control (Ferguson, 2004). To many people the world is the way it is due to the effects of the British Empire. Certainly, this empire just like other numerous empires before it and after it had triumphs and humiliations however, the fact that this empire had numerous good effects cannot be overemphasized. The empire impacted positively on Britain and the colonies. The first notable positive effect of the empire is industrialization. The British having been ahead in industrial evolution helped spread technology to new places around the world. Particularly, the British Empire was responsible for the development of early industries in their colonies (Balasubramanyam & Wei, 79). They built industries in the colonies such as sugar factories, cotton factories and tobacco industries. Certainly, this was a new development in these colonies that later led to the colonies mechanizing their cottage industri... ...ver, as a result of the demands of abolitionists, the British parliament enacted laws such as the Slave Trade Act 1807, which resulted in abolishing trade. Certainly, this was a remarkable contribution to the respect of human rights. Clearly, the vast empire also left a vast influence. The numerous positive affects are still ostensible today in most of the former colonies. Indeed, as most people believed the sun never sets on the British Empire. Most people believe that the period state of the world is a product of the empire. Numerous things including educational systems, farming, judicial, governance systems and others around the world are a product of the empire. The empire left a permanent mutual relationship among former colonies, which still enjoy trade and diplomatic ties. It is, therefore, beyond doubt that the empire had numerous positive effects.

Application of CFD Simulation for Evaluating the Separation Efficiency of Deoiling Hydrocyclones :: Environment, Oil-water Separation

IntroductionHaving an competent and reliable system for oil-water separation is of crucial importance oddly for offshore oil and gas industry. Due to the platform movement, space, weight and operating(a) limitations in offshore, the practice of common methods (gravity based vessels) for oil/water separation are ineffective. On the other hand producing oil is often accompanied by large pith of water that is discharged into the sea on offshore platforms. The core of oil in water is confined from environmental standards. accordingly the need to have a high might compact separator during variable operating conditions attracts the interests of researchers to hydrocyclones. Special trait of hydrocyclones such as simple public figure, easy to install and operate, no pitiful parts, and low manufacturing and maintenance costs make hydrocyclones as an economic and effective system for produced water treatment 1-2.The separation process that is occurred in the deoiling hydrocyclones is quite various from that in the desander ones .The density difference between politic-liquid is smaller than solid-liquid mixtures. Therefore the separation of liquid from liquid is more difficult than solid from liquid and needs high rotational speeds.The liquid droplet in comparison with solid particles could not experience shear rates. If the shear rates increase to the critical level the larger droplet grass down to the smaller ones. The separation process for small liquid droplets is more difficult than large ones. On the other hand if two droplets close decent they might coalesce to each other.Because of difference in stream split of desander and deoiler hydrocyclones, the flow feature of continuous phase is different in these two types.The outward-developing forces cause the solid particles move to the wall region in desander hydrocyclones. So the near wall region is important in desander hydrocyclones but the oil droplet migrate to the center of hydrocyclones in deoi ling hydrocyclones and the consideration tends to the center flow features.The number one idea of using common hydrocyclones for oil-water separation was suggested by Simkin and Olney 6 and Sheng et al. 7 but fundamental studies on deoiling hydrocyclones started from 1980 by Colman 8 and Thew. Several experimental researches on deoiling hydrocyclones were conducted by Colman et al. 9 and Colman and Thew 10-12. Their results showed that the separation efficiency of hydrocyclones is independent of flow split between 0.5 to 10 percent. So the overflow diameter should design based on working conditions. Moreover for constant droplet size of it distribution in inlet, the size distribution in outlet is independent of flow split.Application of CFD Simulation for Evaluating the Separation Efficiency of Deoiling Hydrocyclones Environment, Oil-water SeparationIntroductionHaving an efficient and reliable system for oil-water separation is of crucial importance especially for offshore oil and gas industry. Due to the platform movement, space, weight and operating limitations in offshore, the usage of common methods (gravity based vessels) for oil/water separation are ineffective. On the other hand producing oil is often accompanied by large amount of water that is discharged into the sea on offshore platforms. The amount of oil in water is confined from environmental standards.Therefore the need to have a high efficiency compact separator during variable operating conditions attracts the interests of researchers to hydrocyclones. Special trait of hydrocyclones such as simple design, easy to install and operate, no moving parts, and low manufacturing and maintenance costs make hydrocyclones as an economical and effective system for produced water treatment 1-2.The separation process that is occurred in the deoiling hydrocyclones is quite different from that in the desander ones .The density difference between liquid-liquid is smaller than solid-liquid mixtures. There fore the separation of liquid from liquid is more difficult than solid from liquid and needs higher rotational speeds.The liquid droplet in comparison with solid particles could not experience shear rates. If the shear rates increase to the critical level the larger droplet break down to the smaller ones. The separation process for small liquid droplets is more difficult than large ones. On the other hand if two droplets close enough they might coalesce to each other.Because of difference in flow split of desander and deoiler hydrocyclones, the flow feature of continuous phase is different in these two types.The centrifugal forces cause the solid particles migrate to the wall region in desander hydrocyclones. So the near wall region is important in desander hydrocyclones but the oil droplet migrate to the center of hydrocyclones in deoiling hydrocyclones and the consideration tends to the center flow features.The first idea of using common hydrocyclones for oil-water separation was suggested by Simkin and Olney 6 and Sheng et al. 7 but fundamental studies on deoiling hydrocyclones started from 1980 by Colman 8 and Thew. Several experimental researches on deoiling hydrocyclones were conducted by Colman et al. 9 and Colman and Thew 10-12. Their results showed that the separation efficiency of hydrocyclones is independent of flow split between 0.5 to 10 percent. So the overflow diameter should design based on working conditions. Moreover for constant droplet size distribution in inlet, the size distribution in outlet is independent of flow split.

personaliy theories :: essays research papers

1925 - present TheoryBehaviorism, with its emphasis on data-based methods, focuses on variables we john observe, measure, and manipulate, and avoids whatever is subjective, internal, and unavailable -- i.e. mental. In the experimental method, the standard procedure is to manipulate iodine variable, and then measure its make on another. All this boils down to a theory of personality that says that ones environment causes ones behavior. Bandura found this a bit too simplistic for the phenomena he was observing -- infringement in adolescents -- and so decided to correspond a little something to the formula He suggested that environment causes behavior, true but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism The public and a persons behavior cause each other. Observational studying, or modeling Of the hundreds of studies Bandura was responsible for, one group stands out above the others -- the bobo snort studies. He made of film of one of his students, a young woman, essentially beating up a bobo doll. In case you dont know, a bobo doll is an inflatable, egg-shape balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you tip him down. Nowadays, it might maintain Darth Vader painted on it, but back then it was simply Bobo the clown. All these variations allowed Bandura to establish that there were certain steps involved in the modeling process 1. Attention. If you are passing game to learn anything, you have to be paying attention. Likewise, anything that puts a damper on attention is going to decrease learning, including empiric learning. If, for example, you are sleepy, groggy, drugged, sick, nervous, or hyper, you will learn less well. Likewise, if you are being distracted by competing stimuli. Some of the things that influence attention involve characteristics of the model. If the model is coloured and dramatic, for example, we pay much attention. If the model is attractive, or prestigious, or appears to be particularly competent, you will pay more attention. And if the model seems more like yourself, you pay more attention. These kinds of variables directed Bandura towards an examination of television and its effects on kids 2. Retention. Second, you must be able to retain -- remember -- what you have paid attention to. This is where imagery and voice communication come in we store what we have seen the model doing in the form of mental images or verbal descriptions.personaliy theories essays research papers1925 - present TheoryBehaviorism, with its emphasis on experimental methods, focuses on variables we can observe, measure, and manipulate, and avoids whatever is subjective, internal, and unavailable -- i.e. mental. In the experimental method, the standard procedure is to manipulate one variable, and then measure its effects on another. All this boils down to a theory of personality that says that ones environment causes ones behavior. Bandura found this a bit too simplistic for the phenomena he was observing -- aggression in adolescents -- and so decided to add a little something to the formula He suggested that environment causes behavior, true but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism The world and a persons behavior cause each other. Observational learning, or modeling Of the hundreds of studies Bandura was responsible for, one group stands out above the others -- the bobo doll studies. He made of film of one of his students, a young woman, essentially beating up a bobo doll. In case you dont know, a bobo doll is an inflatable, egg-shape balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you knock him down. Nowadays, it might have Darth Vader painted on it, but back then it was simply Bobo the clown. All these variations allowed Bandura to establish that there were certain steps involved in the modeling process 1. Attention. If you are going to learn anything, you have to be paying attention. Likewise, anything that puts a damper on attention is going to decrease learning, including observational learning. If, for example, you are sleepy, groggy, drugged, sick, nervous, or hyper, you will learn less well. Likewise, if you are being distracted by competing stimuli. Some of the things that influence attention involve characteristics of the model. If the model is colorful and dramatic, for example, we pay more attention. If the model is attractive, or prestigious, or appears to be particularly competent, you will pay more attention. And if the model seems more like yourself, you pay more attention. These kinds of variables directed Bandura towards an examination of television and its effects on kids 2. Retention. Second, you must be able to retain -- remember -- what you have paid attention to. This is where imagery and language come in we store what we have seen the model doing in the form of mental images or verbal descriptions.

personaliy theories :: essays research papers

1925 - present TheoryBehaviorism, with its emphasis on empiric methods, focuses on variables we dirty dog observe, measure, and manipulate, and avoids whatever is subjective, internal, and unavailable -- i.e. mental. In the experimental method, the standard procedure is to manipulate one and only(a) variable, and then measure its personal effects on another. All this boils down to a theory of personality that says that ones environment causes ones behavior. Bandura found this a bit too simplistic for the phenomena he was observing -- incursion in adolescents -- and so decided to subjoin a little something to the formula He suggested that environment causes behavior, true but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism The knowledge domain and a persons behavior cause each other. Observational fancying, or modeling Of the hundreds of studies Bandura was responsible for, one group stands out above the others -- the bobo boo studies. He m ade of film of one of his students, a young woman, essentially beating up a bobo doll. In case you dont know, a bobo doll is an inflatable, egg-shape balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you swath him down. Nowadays, it might defy Darth Vader painted on it, but back then it was simply Bobo the clown. All these variations allowed Bandura to establish that there were certain steps involved in the modeling process 1. Attention. If you are waiver to learn anything, you have to be paying attention. Likewise, anything that puts a damper on attention is going to decrease learning, including observational learning. If, for example, you are sleepy, groggy, drugged, sick, nervous, or hyper, you will learn less well. Likewise, if you are being distracted by competing stimuli. Some of the things that influence attention involve characteristics of the model. If the model is prismatic and dramatic, for example, we pay more attention. If the model is att ractive, or prestigious, or appears to be particularly competent, you will pay more attention. And if the model seems more like yourself, you pay more attention. These kinds of variables directed Bandura towards an examination of television and its effects on kids 2. Retention. Second, you must be able to retain -- remember -- what you have paid attention to. This is where imagery and verbiage come in we store what we have seen the model doing in the form of mental images or verbal descriptions.personaliy theories essays research papers1925 - present TheoryBehaviorism, with its emphasis on experimental methods, focuses on variables we can observe, measure, and manipulate, and avoids whatever is subjective, internal, and unavailable -- i.e. mental. In the experimental method, the standard procedure is to manipulate one variable, and then measure its effects on another. All this boils down to a theory of personality that says that ones environment causes ones behavior. Bandura fou nd this a bit too simplistic for the phenomena he was observing -- aggression in adolescents -- and so decided to add a little something to the formula He suggested that environment causes behavior, true but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism The world and a persons behavior cause each other. Observational learning, or modeling Of the hundreds of studies Bandura was responsible for, one group stands out above the others -- the bobo doll studies. He made of film of one of his students, a young woman, essentially beating up a bobo doll. In case you dont know, a bobo doll is an inflatable, egg-shape balloon creature with a weight in the bottom that makes it bob back up when you knock him down. Nowadays, it might have Darth Vader painted on it, but back then it was simply Bobo the clown. All these variations allowed Bandura to establish that there were certain steps involved in the modeling process 1. Attention. If you are going to learn anything, you have to be paying attention. Likewise, anything that puts a damper on attention is going to decrease learning, including observational learning. If, for example, you are sleepy, groggy, drugged, sick, nervous, or hyper, you will learn less well. Likewise, if you are being distracted by competing stimuli. Some of the things that influence attention involve characteristics of the model. If the model is colorful and dramatic, for example, we pay more attention. If the model is attractive, or prestigious, or appears to be particularly competent, you will pay more attention. And if the model seems more like yourself, you pay more attention. These kinds of variables directed Bandura towards an examination of television and its effects on kids 2. Retention. Second, you must be able to retain -- remember -- what you have paid attention to. This is where imagery and language come in we store what we have seen the model doing in the form of mental images or verbal descriptions.

Colgate Palmolive-Precision Toothbrush Case

COLGATE PALMOLIVE COMPANY THE PRECISION TOOTHBRUSH I-SYNOPSIS In 1992, Colgate-Palmolive (CP) was the global leader in household and personal direction products like tooth washes and toothpastes. In 1991, its sales topped at $6 billion and profits at $2. 76 billion and it control 43% of the worlds toothpaste foodstuff and 16% of the worlds soup-strainer commercialize. It was also the leader in sell toothbrush sales in the United States. Prior to the 1990s, consumers were satisfied with toothbrushes that were aesthetically pleasing. But the 1990s saw that baby boomers were becoming increasingly concerned with their oral health, specifically their mucilages.This led to a rise in the sales of therapeutic toothbrushes. The toothbrush industry experienced a massive influx of worthy competitors and this led to the formation of a niche, super-premium grocery store. In order to gain an edge each competitor worked on matureing current toothbrush technology, forming alliances with dental professionals, expanding advertising budgets and offering promotions that would grab consumer attention. In howling(a) 1992, Colgate Palmolive was poised to launch a new toothbrush in the United States, tentatively named Colgate Precision in the super-premium market.Precision, was proven to be real effective in removing plaque 35% more effective than existing brands and in preventing maunder tree disease. This advantage has been attributed to the innovative design, high-tech seek using CAD and infr bed s massning, consumer research and extensive product testing. CPs Oral C ar had been developing this technologically superior toothbrush for over three years. But the market was highly agonistical with new products already in the fray. CP had to market Colgate Precision as per existing market strategies that include proposed strategies involving product, price, place, and promotion.The issues and Challenges, Analysis and Recommendations of the case are enumerated in the succeeding paragraphs. II-SSUES AND CHALLENGES In 1991, CPs sales topped at $6 billion and profits at $2. 76 billion and it cornered 43% of the worlds toothpaste market and 16% of the worlds toothbrush market. In the United States, the worlds largest market, Colgate-Palmolive held the number one spot in toothbrush sales with a market share of 23%. Its international sales accounted for 64% of total sales and profits account for 67% of the total profits from international operations.The impend release of Colgate-Palmolives new toothbrush, Precision, may affect sales of its existing toothbrush lines. This may lead to a cannibalization of the Colgate Plus and Colgate Classics market of up by 35% to 60%. of the expected Colgate Precision sales. Since the existing toothbrush lines are the cash cows of the companys oral care division, a dismal performance by the new Colgate-Palmolive Precision might drain the cash cows of its their resources market share altogether. Colgate-Palmolives me dia expenditure layout is very small compared to its rivals.It spent altogether $7 million dollars on marketing Colgate-Palmolive Plus. Since media exposure fuels consumer demand for a new product, this is one area where Colgate-Palmolive needs to encounter its expenditures equivalent to that of its rivals. Colgate-Palmolives media expenditure layout is very small compared to its rivals. CP could be positioned as a niche product to be targeted at consumers concerned about gum disease as such it could command the 15% premium over Oral-B and would be expected to capture 3% of the US tooth brush market by the end of first year following its launch.Alternatively Precision could be positioned as a mainstream brush with the broader appeal of being the most effective brush available on the market. It was estimated that as a mainstream product, Precision could capture 10% of the market by the end of the first year. CP already had another toothbrush in the mainstream toothbrush, but didnt have any in the super premium niche position. Other decisions that ordain follow the positioning decision would be price, dispersion channels, advertising and promotion planning.If it is positioned as mainstream right away then not only will it cannibalize Colgate Plus, which is one tier below the super-premium category, but will have leave CP without a product in the super premium category which is the largest customer segment and Oral-B is virtually unrivalled in that space. Challenges Because of the recent market saturation, the various producers of oral health care products have rushed to offer promotional incentives including two-for-one, buy-one-get-one-free and mail-in refund coupon deals.With the increase of in-store advertising, toothbrushes and toothpastes have been found to sell clxx% better when located in close proximity. The most worrisome threats to CP are from the company itself. If CP were to release the Precision brush into the mainstream market as the Colgate P recision, not only would it knock the childrens Plus brush off of the shelves, it would also cannibalize its flagship Plus model. III-ANALYSIS In the year 1993, budget was increased to cater for overall toothbrush ads and promotion budget by $19. 2m (80%over estimated $24m). $32. 5m was devoted to precision, $10. m to Colgate plus. The advertisements focused on prevention of gum disease, toothbrush effectiveness so as to develop superiority claim for Precision. Customers picked their brushes based on features, comfort, personal recommendation and health and hygiene. As a consequence they were willing to pay premium for products addressing these concerns.. 82% of toothbrush purchases were unplanned. 46% of adults were therapeutic brushers. 85% brushed daily. 85% used professional brush and 54% flossed regularly. Their major brands were Oral B Angle, Oral B reparation and Colgate Plus.In 1992 CP had a principal toothbrush brand Market share of 26% and was followed by Oral B and Johns on & Johnson with market shares of 23% and 22% respectively. CP had the highest market share of 26% in Food stores and 39% in Mass merchandisers but had a dismal 17% market share in do drugs stores where Oral B had a highest market share of 31%. Thus CP needed to increase its focus in the drugstore channel. Colgate precision was priced at $2. 02 in the niche category and $1. 76 as a mainstream product. The manufacture cost per unit of Colgate precision was $0. 66 in the niche category and $0. 4 as a mainstream product. Industry Analysis Not only can the industry be broken vanquish by price models (super-premium, professional, and value), it can broken down a second time into niche and mainstream offerings. Consumers of this industry can be sorted into three categories therapeutic, cosmetic, and uninvolved. Competitive Analysis One promising conclusion that can be drawn from the competitive analysis is that every company has been caught off guard by the change in consumer behavior, emergence of new technology, and introduction of new players entering the playing field.For example, in 1988, Johnson & Johnson introduced new brush technology only to phase it out by 1992. In order to get an edge, competitors, Johnson & Johnson, Oral-B, Procter & Gamble, and Smithkline Beecham (latter two are new competitors), are offering promotions in the form of coupons, mail-in refunds, and bundles. Environmental Analysis With 43% of the global toothpaste market and 16% of the global toothbrush market, CP has defined itself a leader of household and personal care products worldwide, and positioned itself as the number one retailer of toothbrush products in the United States.Because of its good standing relationship with retail stores, it is able to position its products on the middle shelf, right between its competitors, Reach and Oral-B. Although industry players are manufacturing products to improve oral health, it has been difficult to educated consumers of the importance of preventing gum disease (which is a common motivator to improve dental care habits). One major advantage that the competitor, Oral-B is, it is recommended by dental professionals.IV-RECOMMENDATIONS Opportunities In consumer tests, majority of consumers are willing to experiment with new brands/models, CP could make being new, different, and effective the major tenants of its marketing messaging along with including messaging concerning their incredible ability to fight gum disease, it should have a rock solid campaign. Price Precision should be positioned as niche category in the price category $2. 29

Quakers Case Essay

This research paper will argue that the evangelicals were embraced closely by dulls not merely because its the nearest imitation of their African nature rituals but because they have given support to the abolition of hard workerry in the United States.Quakers were known to be the around vocal concerning their opposition to break ones backry there were also other denominations that did not favor slavery. George Fox, founder of the Quaker group Society of Friends, preached against slavery in the late 16oos, but never really took action against it. Even though Fox, a major Quaker leader, was opposed to slavery, other Quaker leaders owned slaves. This was because they interpreted the doctrines of their religion to exclude slaves. The institution of slavery became a divided issue among Quakers in the Society.Benjamin Lay, for example, was against slavery. Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians were very vocal concerning their dissatisfaction with slavery. (1) However, the main con cern was that feelsize amounts of the population were not being exposed to God. They had to resolve whether the larger concern was to end slavery and thus allow many unchristian people to go to hell after death, or to evangelize the slaves while letting the issue of slavery slide under the carpet. Subsequently, Methodists and Baptists also became the two denominations to achieve the earliest successes in proselytizing slaves (Lane 184).The first third of the nineteenth century was a significant time for antislavery. Haitian slaves had risen up and freed themselves from French rule in 1803. In England, decades of antislavery convulsion led Parliament to abolish slavery in the British Empire by 1834 In the United States, sectional friction related to slavery began in earnest with the Missouri crisis of 1820. Nor were colored voices silent. Free African American ministers sermonized against slaverys cruelties. Periodic fears of slave violence came to a head in 1822 with the uncove ring of Denmark Veseys planned slave uprising (2).As the conflict over slavery heated up, and as news of the Vesey conspiracy broke in 1822, and war cry spread about the rebellion of Nat Turner in 1831, a great fear enveloped unobjectionables (5). All these factors caused a few dusters to begin to renew the spiritual difference against slavery. The Reverend George Bourne, an Englishman who headed a Presbyterian congregation in Virginia, refused communion to slaveholders and excoriated slaveholding ministers. Way back 1784 Methodists were so bold as to say that they promised to excommunicate all Methodists not freeing their slaves within two years (5).Opposing racism is definitely amongst the strongest reasons for the abolition of slavery. This argument seems quite feasible, considering the fact that only Negroes were slaves. That is to say, skin color was the most deciding factor in whether some dust was a slave or a slaveholder (1). Catherine Meeks, professor of African America n studies at Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, says, It was the white control of the worship on slave-holding plantations, the inability to accept minaciouss as equals, and the negation of black personhood that led to the separation of the black church building from the white church and to the emergence of a black sacred community.(4) Independent black churchesmost of them Baptist or Methodistwere not separating themselves from whites because they held a different doctrinal view of Christianity, notes James H. Cone of Union theological Seminary. Without exception, blacks used the same articles of faith and polity for their churches as the white denominations from which they separated. Separation, for blacks, meant that, they were rejecting racism that was based on the assumption that God created blacks inferior to whites. (5)Even though white Protestant denominations in the 1840s split over the issue of slavery, the congregations of northern Protestants remained just as closed to blacks who moved north. Given the increasing racial proscription in the mid-1800s, (9) many another(prenominal) Black preachers developed a significant following across the South among both whites and blacks. John Jasper of Virginia was one such man. Slaves would defer funeral ceremonies for as eagle-eyed as necessary to bring him to the plantation for the service. And Jasper was equally popular among whites. During the Civil struggle, Jasper won a warm response from the Confederate wounded to whom he preached and offered console (9).A long history of antislavery and political activity among Northern black Protestants had convinced them that they could play a major role in the adjustment of the quaternion million freed slaves to American life. In a massive missionary effort, Northern black leaders such as Daniel A. Payne and Theophilus Gould Steward established missions to their Southern counter destinys, resulting in the dynamic growth of self-directed black churches in th e Southern states between 1865 and 1900 (10).Predominantly white denominations, such as the Presbyterian, Congregational, and Episcopal churches, also sponsored missions, opened schools for freed slaves, and support the general welfare of Southern blacks, but the majority of African-Americans chose to join the independent black denominations founded in the Northern states during the antebellum era. Within a decade the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) churches claimed Southern membership in the hundreds of thousands, far outstripping that of any other organizations. They were quickly joined in 1870 by a new Southern-based denomination, the Colored (now Christian) Methodist Episcopal Church, founded by indigenous Southern black leaders (11).The relentless evangelist get words were catalysts of the constitutional abolision of the slaves. They fought for the granting immunity through the exposure to Gods theoretical equality. Emancipat ion from slavery in 1863 posed distinctive religious challenges for African Americans in the South. When the Civil War finally brought freedom to previously enslaved peoples, the task of organizing religious communities was only one element of the larger need to create new livesto reunite families, to find jobs, and to figure out what it would mean to live in the United States as citizens rather than attribute.Melville J. Herskovits has advanced the thesis that the success of Baptists in attracting blacks was rooted in the appeal of density which suggests a connection in the slaves mind with the river spirits in West African religions. Others have attacked this position including, the black scholar E. Franklin Frazier who argues that enslavement largely undone the social basis of religion among blacks, and that the appeal of Baptists to blacks concerns the emotional content of their worship.Stanley Elkins (whose views were heavily influenced by what took place in the concentration camps of World War II Europe), has argued kindred Frazierthat slavery was so demeaning that blacks (like the Jews in the camps) were chargetually stripped of every shred of dignity and humanity, including their faith. John Blassingame, on the other hand, has provided a significant body of evidence that blacks hung on to their religion as a form of resistance (11).African-American religion dealt with life as blacks lived it. It was about pain and sorrow, sin and shortcoming, condone and joy, praise and thanksgiving, grace and hope. This version of Evangelicalism provided a wonderful benefit it was able to accomplish great things in their lives that were frequently shouted about. This transition coincided with the period of penetrating religious revivalism known as awakenings. In the Southern states beginning in the 1770s, increasing numbers of slaves converted to evangelical religions such as the Methodist and Baptist faiths. Many clergy within these denominations actively promot ed the idea that all Christians were equal in the sight of God, a message that provided hope and sustenance to the slaves (12).Slave Spirituals became the creative group mental synthesis of these aspirations. The Ring Shout was the most distinctive expression of religious worship in the praise service, with African-derived dancing and body movement emphasized. The invisible religion of the slave quarters also included conjure, a system of spiritual influence that combined herbal medicine with magic and sometimes gave surprising authority to slave practitioners who believed they could affect whites as well as blacks (6).They also encouraged worship in demeanors that many Africans found to be similar, or at to the lowest degree adaptable, to African worship patterns, with enthusiastic singing, clapping, dancing, and even spirit-possession. It was here that the spirituals, with their double meanings of religious salvation and freedom from slavery, developed and flourished and here, too, that black preachers, those who believed that God had called them to speak his Word, polished their cantillate sermons, or rhythmic, intoned style of extemporaneous preach. The closest replication of their religious belief was the evangelicals approach.African Americans, often termed as blacks, was so closely intertwined with their total life experience that the starting point in understanding the meaning of that religious life must be the total life experience. For them, before they were forced to reach unwilling participants in one of the most oppressive systems of slavery that the world had witnessed, the ancestors of the African Americans in Africa were very much a religious people.In their endemic land the totality of their lives was informed by what in western Europe was defined as religion, but what, to them meant as a basic and integral part of life (Jones 1991).Thus, they brought that religion with them. Blacks responded to the evangelical message, though, for diff erent reasons than those advanced by slave owner-sanctioned preachers. The potential for spiritual equality, and even the hope for earthly liberty, could be taken from evangelicalism, and that was a powerful appeal to slaves. (8)Evangelicalisms informal, spirit-driven style of worship could evoke remembrances of the religious ecstasies of African dance religions, another reason to embrace the faith. Nowhere else in southern society did African Americans find the status that they could achieve as in churches. Some African Americans worshipped in separate black churches, but black Baptists and Methodists had shaped evolving Evangelicalism in general since the earliest revivals. some slave worship was in biracial churches.Evangelicalism took root among African-Americans. Large numbers underwent conversion, baptism, instruction, worship, and lived the life of Christian even in face of oppression. Although, the development of their own religious institutions would await Emancipation an d the wars end, there were many thousands of Negro Baptists and Methodists by 1850. Emancipation brought many tangible rewards. Among the most obvious was a significant increase in personal freedom that came with no longer being someone elses property whatever hardships they faced, free blacks could not be forcibly sold away from their loved ones.But emancipation did not bring full equality, and many of the most striking gains of Reconstruction including the substantial political power that African Americans were briefly able to exercise were soon lost. In the decades after Reconstruction African Americans go through continued poverty and exploitation and a rising tide of violence at the hands of whites determined to re-impose black subordination. They also experienced new forms of discrimination, spearheaded by a variety of state laws that instituted rigid racial segregation in virtually all areas of life and that (in violation of the 14th and 15th Amendments) effectively disen franchise black voters. The struggle to overcome the bitter legacy of slavery would be long and arduous.Many abolitionists belonged to the African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ). AMEZ became a platform for preaching against slavery. The ministry was by far the most common occupation of the black leaders in the abolitionist movement (Sorin 101).AMEZ enabled people like Denmark Vesey to plan revolts. Pennington traveled as far as Europe to preach against slavery. He wrote, If the New Testament sanctions slavery, it authorizes the enslavement of whites as well as us (Voices of Triumph 127). Ward was born(p) into a slave family that escaped in 1820. He lived in upstate New York and was an agent for the American Anti-slavery Society. Ward actively protested the Fugitive Slave justness of 1850. He was also an assistant to fugitive slaves (Voices of Triumph 145) (9).Over one hundred and thirty years after Nat Turner was hanged, black theology emerged as a formal discipline. Beginning wi th the black power movement in 1966, black clergy in many major denominations began to reassess the relationship of the Christian church to the black community. Black caucuses developed in the Catholic, Presbyterian, and Episcopal churches. The central thrust of these new groups was to redefine the meaning and role of the church and religion in the lives of black people. Out of this reexamination has come what some have called a Black Theology. (10)The secret meetings of praise of the former slaves was later institutionalized and these assemblies gave rise to independent churches. The first religious institution primarily controlled and administered by blacks was established at Silver Bluff, South Carolina in the 1770s.The Free African Society of Philadelphia, established in 1778 by two former slaves, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones was an example of one of the earliest formal organizational activity- more frequent among the free blacks in the urban North (Woodson 1922).Most of such groups were quasi-religious bodies and churches frequently came into existence from the membership of these societies. The Free African Society of Philadelphia, that newly created independent body, was the mother of two African Amertican churches- St. Thomas African Episcopal Church (later named the St. Thomas Protestant Episcopal Church) established in 1794, and the Bethel African Church (later becoming an independent organization known as the African Methodist Episcopal Church), which was the first black congregation in the Philadelphia Methodist Conference. In 1894 black Baptists formed the National Baptist Convention, an organization that is currently the largest black religious organization in the United States.There may be several reasons that evangelist were able to convert slaves, some would argue that this may be attributed to the true statement that the slaves saw religion as the nearest observable fact to freedom. Still, it is quite notable that the evangelist were able to gather members not only because the African- Americans see their way of teaching as the nearest to their old rituals but also because of the evangelists unerring efforts to abolish slavery in the United States.

Inequalities and Discrimination of Women In The Workplace

In countries such(prenominal) as Brazil, Bangladesh, Cyprus, Macao, Malaysia, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore, wo workforce earn 60 percent less than what men earn (256). Although U. S. figures arent as native as these, women face discrimination in the workplace. In 1999, women held only 5. 1 percent of top executive management positions, and only 3. 3 percent of companies highest pay workers were women (256). The term glass ceiling is utilise to describe the situation in which qualified women aspire to fill high positions but are prevented from doing so by the invisible institutional barriers (256).Discrimination of women in the workplace is a result of mens power and their reluctance to give up resources and their control everyplace women and can be summed up for women of corporate America by looking at four categories. First, the quality of womens work tends to be undervalued. Frequently, studies asking participants to evaluate a piece of work suck in found that it is e valuated less regardably when said to have been done by a women than when the same piece is attributed to a man (257). Although the tendency to favor a mans work is non always found, when differences in evaluation are found they tend to favor men.Further, womens successes tend to be attributed to luck, and competent women are almosttimes described as unfeminine. Societys distrust in womens abilities results from the stereotypical roles which label women as less assertive and expert than men. A second form of discrimination of women in the work place involves making groundless assumptions about womens values. Whereas men are assumed to have values that tend to perpetuate the system, womens values are assumed to challenge it. genus Felicia Pratto and her colleagues conducted a study testing the status of the positions for which men and women were most likely to be hired.They found that women were favored to fulfill hierarchy-attenuating jobs (jobs that seek to change the system or improve the lot of people who have been marginalized) men, on the other hand, were favored for the hierarchy-enhancing jobs (which maintain and strengthen the status quo). This was true even when applicants resumes violated the stereotypes associated with men and women (I. e. mens career history that indicated they were attenuators and womens which indicated they were enhancers) (258).The work place is made especially difficult for women with children. Up until the 1970s, pregnancy or the potential for pregnancy was used as a justification for discrimination in the U. S. , allowing employers to routinely force women to leave their jobs or take unpaid leaves (259). Women were even excluded from jobs because they might get pregnant. flavor at current issues, however, the U. S. does not hold any government provision for paid maternity leave for female workers, often causing mothers to bear an sparing cost which is not borne by fathers (260).Even when discrimination against mothers i s not formal, our cultures work-family dynamics disproportionately affects womens careers. Much more women than men have primary responsibility for child care. Working mothers are judged by their community according to how well they parent and work but particularly according to how use they seem to be to parenting. Women, generally, are expected to alter their work commitments when children have problems and are more harshly judged for not doing so (261).A fourth and net aspect of discrimination against women in the U. S. orkplace lies in the notion that they do not have equal right as men to be employed. The U. S. situation is not as extreme as countries such as Russia and China, where many government bureaucrats and factory managers assert to anyone willing to listen that women belong at home, because in the U. S. such public pronouncements are likely to create an explosion of protests. Still, though, the perception that womens household duties should come before their careers i s widespread. Whereas men carry the obligation to earn an income and tide over their family, the nurturer role is assumed most important for women (260).A review of 21 studies showed that between 16 and 46 percent of the identified lesbians, gays, and bisexuals surveyed reported that they had experienced some form of employment discrimination, as discrimination against individuals of these sexual orientations is legal in most workplaces in the U. S. Also, researchers found that lesbian and bisexual women earn about 13 to 15 percent less than heterosexual women. This is in part because they are more likely to be working in the lowest-paying female-dominated jobs, but it also intimate the impact of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation (261).Understanding the circumstances that promote stereotyping and lead to discrimination of women in the workplace provides some clues as to how an organization could act to reduce them. Companies can make an effort not to isolate women in particular job categories. Company managers can avoid locomote into the notion that specific jobs require masculine qualities by examining job-related assumptions. They can base judgments of whether workers should be hired or promoted on clear and concise criteria. Last, they can turn formal guidelines to be modeled and enforced by top-level management about how to avoid discrimination (265).

AS/RS and conveyors

Racks are flow-through racks In which the unit shoot down Is stored from oneness side of the rack by a dedicate SIR machine, and Is retrieved by another machine from the pick did of the rack. 3. Monomial AS/RSI is a system intentional to handle small loads that are contained in bins or knee breeches in the fund system. A. Generally smaller than a unit load AS/RSI and is often enclosed for security of the items stored. B. Uses special SIR machines to retrieve and convey the bins to the P&D station at the end of the aisle in order to be able to withdraw individual items from the bin. C.P&D station is manually operated by a role player. D. The bin or drawer must then be returned to its location in the system. 4. Man-on-board AS/RSI this system is dedicated for retrieving single items from outrage. A. Human worker drives a carriage of the SIR machine. B. Permits individual item that he picked directly at their storage locations. 5. Automated item retrieval system a storage syste ms designed for retrieval of individual items or small product cartons. A. Items are stored in lanes. B. In retrieval process item is pushed from its lane and dropped onto a conveyor for deliverance to the pickup station. . The supply of items in severally lane is periodically replenished, allowing first-in. First-out Inventory rotation 6. plumb lift storage modules (EVILS) These are also called vertical lift automate outrage/retrieval systems. A. Uses a center aisle or more. B. Capable of holding large Inventories while saving valuable blast space In the factory. Three application areas can be distinguished for automated storage/retrieval systems 1 . Unit load storage and handling. Commonly found in Warehousing for finished goods. Manufacturing facilities e. G. Deep-lane systems are mostly use in food industry. 2.Order picking. As order picking involves retrieving materials in less than full unit load quantities, monomial, man-an-board, and item retrieval systems are used for this application area. 3. Work-in-process storage systems. Its a new application recently developed of automated storage technology. The following slipway are ways to manage unavoidable WIPE a. Buffer storage in production. apply between two processes which production rates differ significantly. An in-process polisher is needed between these operations to temporarily store the output of the first process as the input for the second process. . Support of Just-in-time delivery. Just-in-time TIT) is a manufacturing strategy that follows the draw up strategy in which parts required in production are received immediately prior they are needed in the plant. As this strategy is very risky in terms f stock outs that occurs due to late supplier deliveries, usually plants install automated storage systems as storage buffers for incoming materials. C. Kitting of parts for assembly. When an order is received, the required components are retrieved, collected into kits, and delivered to the production floor for assembly. . Compatible with automatic identification systems. Uses automatic identification devices bar write in code readers which allows loads to be stored and retrieved without human interaction to identify the loads. E. Computer control and tracking of materials. Used to identify the location and tutus of work-in-process in the facility. F. Support of factory all-inclusive automation. Part 2 Prepare a report about manual and automated conveyors. CONVEYOR SYSTEMS Conveyors are used when material must be travel in relatively large quantities between specific locations over a fixed path.Conveyors divided into two basic categories 1 . Powered conveyors The power instrument is contained in the fixed path, using chains, belts, rotating rolls, or other devices to force loads along the path. They are usually used in automated material transport systems in manufacturing plants, warehouses, and distribution centers. 2. Non-powered conveyors. Tat or by using gravity from one height to a lower height. Types of Conveyors 1. pealing and Skate Wheel Conveyors. Roller conveyor The pathway consists of a series of rollers that are perpendicular to the direction of travel.The fixed frame contains rollers that lifts the pathway above floor level from some(prenominal) inches to several feet. Flat pallets carrying unit loads are moved forward as the roller rotate. Applications manufacturing, assembly, and packaging. Skate- cast conveyors are similar to roller conveyors but skate wheels rotating on genus Calamus connected to a frame to roll pallets along the path way instead of rollers. Applications of skate wheel conveyors are similar to those of roller conveyors, except that the loads must generally be lighter. 2. tap Conveyors. Belt conveyors consist of a continuous loop Half its length is used for delivering materials, and the other half is the return run. Belt conveyors are typically available in two types Flat belts for pallets, individual parts, or even certain types of bulk materials Thorough belts for bulk materials. Conveyors Driven by Chains and Cables. Uses chains that forms endless loop on which loads are carried directly. The loop forms a straight line with a pulley at each end. This is usually in an over-and-under configuration.These conveyors are categorized as the following 1. Chain a. Used to transport argillaceous unit loads. B. Parallel chain configuration used to transport pallets. 2. Slat conveyor a) Uses discretely spaced renders connected to a chain b) Unit being transported retains its position c) Orientation and placement of the load is controlled d) Used for heavy loads or loads that might damage a belt e) Bottling and canning plants use flat chain or slat conveyors because of wet conditions, temperature, and cleanliness requirements f) Tilt slat conveyor used for serration 3.In floor towline conveyors . Uses towline to provide power to wheeled carriers such as trucks, dollies, or carts that move alon g the floor b. Used for fixed-path travel of carriers (each of which has variable path capabilities when disengaged from the towline) c. Towline can be located either overhead, flush with the floor, or in the floor a. Uses a series of trolleys support from or within an overhead track b. Trolleys are equally spaced in a closed loop path and are suspended from a chain c.Carriers are used to carry multiple units of product d. Does not provide for accumulation e. Commonly used in processing, assembly, packaging, and storage operations 5. A power-and-free overhead trolley conveyor a. Similar to trolley conveyor due to use of discretely spaced carriers transported by an overhead chain however, the power-and-free conveyor uses two tracks one powered and the other non-powered. B. Carriers can be disengaged from the power chain and accumulated or switched onto spurs c.Termed an Inverted Power-and- Free Conveyor when tracks are located on the floor 6. Cart-on-track conveyors a. Used to transp ort carts along a track b. Carts are transported by a rotating tube c. Connected to each cart is a drive wheel that rests on the tube and that is used to array the speed of the cart (by varying the angle of contact between the drive wheel and the tube) d. Carts are independently controlled e. assemblage can be achieved by maintaining the drive wheel parallel to the tube 7.Screw conveyors a. Consists of a tube or U-shaped stationary trough through which a shaft-mounted curlicue revolves to push loose material forward in a horizontal or inclined direction b. One of the most widely used conveyors in the processing industry c. Many applications in agricultural and chemical processing 8. Vibration-based conveyors a. Consists of a trough, bed, or tube b. Vibrates at a relatively high relative frequency and small amplitude in order to convey individual units of products or bulk material c.Can be used to convey almost all granular, free-flowing materials 9. Vertical lift conveyors is a p ower-based conveyer that moves products automatically from one level to another. A. Carrier used to raise or lower a load to different levels of a facility (e. G. , different floors and/or mezzanines) b. Differs from a freight elevator in that it is not designed or certified to carry people c. Can be manually or automatically loaded and/or controlled and can interface with horizontal conveyors

Aquatic Biomes and Tropical Rainforest Essay

An aquatic biome is an ecological community dominated by water. This biome do-nothing be broken down into 2 categories oFreshwater, which includes rivers, streams, ponds, lakes and fresh water wetland. oMarine or saltwater, which includes oceans, seas, estuaries, coral reefs and saltwater wetland. Each of these aquatic ecosystems can be defined by variables such as temperature, the presence or absence seizure of light, and the availability of nutrients. Aquatic biomes cover almost all the world (around 75% of the surface) and only 3% of them are freshwaters. Freshwater ecosystemsThis ecosystem is defined as having a embarrassed salt concentration of less than 1%. It helps to make up all the different animals life in this planet. Ponds and lakes range in size from few yards to thousands miles across, and they are split up into the littoral zone, limnetic zone and the profundal zone. The littoral zone is the part of the lake or pond which is shallow and located near the shoreline . In this zone there is colossal light, nutrients and plants. Those plants provide protection and food for animals, insects and crustaceans. The limnetic zone is offshore, where the water is deep and it receives enough sunlight to support life.There are tiny forms of life called as phytoplankton, which are tiny plant forms, and zooplankton, which are tiny animal forms. Those tiny forms of life lead to bigger animals life such as fish, which feed from those planktons. The profundal zone is on a lower floor the limnetic zone, where it doesnt receive light to sustain plants life. The organisms that die from above this zone settle down and are being eaten by decomposers. Because ponds and lakes are isolated from former(a) bodies of water, they dont have new species of animals or plant, or it is limited. Streams and rivers are defined by the flow of water in one direction.The source of these regions can be the snowmelt from the mountains, runoff of rains, or the outflows of a lake. They flow until they empty into another body of water and they usually lead ultimately to oceans. The flow of water of streams and rivers changes as it moves. At high elevations (mountains), the waters flow moves swiftly and makes them clear and oxygenated. As it moves slower, it allows a more diversity of plants and animals. Because the waters flow moves slowly, it carries more sediment and there is less oxygen in the water. Wetlands are standing waters regions that support aquatic life.Wetlands can receive many call such as swamps, marshes and bogs. Marine or saltwater This ecosystem is defined by its high salt concentration. Oceans are the large aquatic ecosystem that dominates the Earths surface. It is divided into four zones the intertidal zone, the pelagic zone, the benthic zone and the abyssal zone. The intertidal zone is the area that is covered and uncovered with the rising and falling of tides. Because of this, the communities are everlastingly changing and most of the livi ng organisms live only where the high tides reach. The pelagic zone is the area away from the lands, which is the open ocean.This zone receives little sunlight and it has torrential plankton, which feed animals such as whales. In this zone, there are still some plants anchored to the bottom of the shore. The benthic zone is beneath the pelagic zone and it doesnt receive sunlight, which makes it darker and colder. The abyssal zone is the deepest area beneath the benthic zone. This area is very cold, it has a great pressure, but it has a low nutrient level. red coral reefs are abundant in tropical water and it consists of a barrier of corals, anemones, and algae. The sunlight penetrates this area, which makes the water clearer and allows a diversity of living organisms.Estuaries are those areas in which freshwater merge with the ocean. This supports animals such as oysters, worms, and crabs and supports plants such as algae and seaweeds. Tropical Rainforest Biome This is the most di verse terrestrial biome on Earth. It has a fast and moist surroundings and is dominated by broadleaf evergreen trees. The combination of constant warmth and moisture makes the tropical rainforest a great environment for many plants and animals, which made this biome as the only one that contains the greatest biodiversity in the world.Because of the great quantity of trees in this biome, the soil is infertile and acidic. This is because when an organism decomposes in the soil, the plants drag it quickly for their quick grow and survival. This biome has several layers of vegetation. The tallest trees reach approximately 50 meters below them there is a continuous canopy of treetop of approximately 40 meters. And the lower level is composed by small plants, mosses, and fungi. Most of the fauna in this biome is arboreal because the food near the ground is scarce.

Micro and macro theories in political science focus

INTRODUCTION Countries exist to interact with early(a) nations and enunciates in the international arena. Thus, no country or nation is an island unto itself. As a dissolving agent of this, isolation from international activities becomes very impossible. In the course of interaction countries tries to gain advantage over other countries, and this has been the root of conflict and disagreement. Sometimes, if this is not properly hand take it give lead to fight.Scholars from unalike academic disciplines defend posited domainy causes of war. Thus, the great debate over why war occurs has been approached from different dimension. For the historians, scholars like A.J. P. Taylor famously described wars as being like traffic accidents. But this approach has been criticized in the view that some leaders of states make aware decision in embarking in war and this is not accidental. For the Psychologist, military personnel beings, especially men are inbredly violent.This violence di splacement where a person transfers their grievances into submit and hatred against other ethnic groups, nations, or ideologies (Wikibooks 2005). Other psychologists argue that the mental unbalanced state of men who rule and control a nation, combine with their human temperament has been the basis of the occurrence of war. This school argues leaders that seek war such as Napoleon, Hitler, and Stalin were mentally abnormal screening process, such as election, could interrupt these types from coming to power, war would end. (ibid.).The Anthropologists see the occurrence of war as a fundamentally cultural, learnt by nurture rather than disposition. The Sociologists have Plethora of vista in seeing the occurrence of war. Some see war as the product of domestic conditions, with only the target of aggression being determined by international realities. Others that differ from the traditional approach argue that it is the decision of statesmen and the geopolitical situation that leads to war. The Economist argues war croupe be seen as an outgrowth of sparing arguing in a chaotic and competitive international system.Having looked at the diverse and divergent viewpoint from which these scholars from different discipline has posited as the cause of war, this put out up work to look at the political aspect of why war occurs. As a result of this, various theories in the political acquisition field would be applied to enumerate the modestness behind the occurrence of war.DEFINITION OF TERMS political science has been described as a hospitable comprehensive for many disciplines all connected somehow with the operations of government or people acting in relation to government.According to Alfred Cobban, as quoted in Oyediran (19983), Political attainment is a devise invented by university teachers for avoiding that dangerous subject authorities without achieving Sciences.Thus, political science is that social science discipline that seek to study government an d how politics that has to do with the use of power, rule and authority in any human relationship is being conducted.The study of political science, the normative and the positive approach is choose while scholars, such as Plato and Aristotle sought to identify the characteristics of politics, their causes and effects, leaving aside moral judgements about their goodness or badness. Therefore, it is seen that modern political scientists adopt a positive conjecture to issues that pertain to the field of study, hence, what ought to be. (Robert Dahl cited by Gerring, 20052).THEORY Theory is defined as abstraction from the real world in fellowship to have got explanation to phenomenon. Thus, theories give explanation to the relationship that exists between variables. Theories are tested hypotheses that are generally accepted it is used through known facts to give an explanation to the unknown.WAR state of war give the sack be defined as conflict that arises from disagreement, which result into military combat and the end results which is destruction of lives and properties.War can be separate into civil wars and distant wars. Civil wars, are those wars that occur within a nation or a state as a result of the return of combinations that are loyal to an set group. A typical example of civil war in contemporary time is the civil war in Liberia in the 1990s, between late Samuel Deo faction and Charles Taylor faction. Another typical example of civil war is the 1967 to 1970 civil war in Nigeria, between the Federal troop and the Biafra faction that seek to secede from the Nigeria Federation.Foreign war is war that involves combat between or among self-reliant nation or states. Example of this is being War 1 and World War II.In recent times the war between Iraq and Kuwait, and the US Allied Forces in the 1990s.Another version of war in contemporary political world is the nippy war that had existed after the world war associated with the bipolar bloc i.e. t he eastern bloc and the western bloc. This cold war is unlike the real combat war where physical and military combat is carried out, but it has to do with war in international arena, that pertains to foreign policies and international pacts and agreement, that tend to be contended forThis cold war has do many countries to support either of the two factions. But, some countries, like in Africa adopt a different stand, the Non Aligned Movement is pursued as the foreign policies in these black nation. The cold war suddenly collapse in 1989, this brought an end to the bipolar structure of the international system.POLITICAL THEORIES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WAR Political theories on the emergence of state can be utilized to explain the occurrence of war. Here, the Hobbessian theory of state and the jampack theory are readily applicable to why nation engage in war.The Hobbissian theory postulated by Thomas Hobbes, explain the human state of existence in what he called the state of nature. A ccording to him, nature has made man so equal in faculties of the body and mind and though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of quicker mind than another is not considerable as that one man can take aim to himself any benefit to which another may not possess as well as he (Hobbes, 1946).The equality of man here means they tend to nurse the same aspirations and desires, ends and the same hope. But the uniformity of aspiration tend to be evoke problem since the resources e.g. power, political influence, is a scarce resource that can not go round every body. Thus, it become problematic when two persons desire the same thing, which they cannot both obtain, they are likely to become enemies and always will seek to destroy one another.In applying this scenario to sovereign states, the scarce resources that each state seeks to obtain for itself, this brings about competition and invariably lead to the emergence of war, if such competition gets to the extreme and the level of tolerance becomes unbearable. According to Ighadola (2000 12), human competitiveness for status symbols are always characterized by fighting where this happens outside the preview of any settled and civilized state, the picture of the state of nature comes to the fore boldly.The state of nature as stipulated by Thomas Hobbes, is the time when men lived without a customary power to keep them in check i.e. every man is a government and truth unto himself, there is no formal contract to the establishment of state and government. In state of nature, war of every man against every man was the perceptual condition of human relations. Thus, man is brutal and exhibited a hostile trend towards those around him. It is also argued that, War, as Hobbes used the concept, did not necessarily denote actual fighting, rather it meant the disposition to fight (ibid)Man in the state of nature did not engage in perpetual warfare, he was only perpetually inclined to fight to acquire what he desired and to protect what he already possessed. The trend in man to be aggressive in competition and fight is moderated by the fear of death. Thus, the disposition to fight to is further heightened by the absence of centralized authority. In the international political arena before the emergence of international organization like the United Nation, the broke out of World War I and the emergence of World War II, is as a result of absence of a strong centralized International authority. The League of Nations collapsed as a result of the Second World War. This led to the emergence of the United Nations that is acting as a centralized authority in the international arena, in preventing the outbreak of conflicts among nations or states.Another angle of the Hobbessains theory sees Mans selfishness and self- seeking nature ensures, without a superior restraining force, the condition of the state of nature that would remain permanent. This results in a nemesis to the condusive actualization of human potentials and insecurity. In applying this to the emergence of wars among nations, it is seen that the selfishness and self-seeking nature of some nation has prompted them into encroaching into the rightful possession of other nation. In order to keep up their possession, these other nation would recourse to protect itself by engaging in war. Most times, this has been the base of war among nations.Thus, Hobbes has proffered a centralized authority that is imposed in one individual as a solution to avert this state of nature, so as to prevent the brutish and aggressive nature in man, and thus, simplification the outbreak of war.Critics have pointed out that Hobbes advocacy of absolute power puts a hole in his argument. The central authority or sovereign should operate the law made, fairly and equitably among the people not absolute authority in one man. Thus, central power is advocated that is democratic, in place of the sovereign ruler of Hobbes. This is be cause the sovereign ruler is taken from society and has its own selfish desire, which could lead to autocratic rule, i.e., he cannot be outside society and therefore cannot be above the law. (ibid15).Another political theory that can be use to advocate for the emergence of war is the Marxist theory. Karl Marx theory concentrates both on political and economic perspective of the state. In his view, the society is divided into two main classes, i.e. the bourgeoisie and the proletariats, and this has always been the driving force behind conflict in society and its attendant social change.Marxist theory of war argues that all war grows out of the class war. It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat of the world by pitting them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion. ( Wikibooks, 2005).Marx and Engels posited in The German ideology that with all the mischiefs contradictions and crisis inherent in the capitalist mode of production, the proletariat bears the entire burden without enjoying its advantages, they become isolated from society. Having been driven to the wall, they are forced into the most decided antagonism to the other class because an alienated man is a revolutionary man. (Marx, et al, 1977).Hence, Karl Marx see wars as a natural outgro9wth of the free market and class system, and will not vanish until a world revolution occurs. According to Ighodalo (200020), the expectation of Marx is that the destruction of the capitalist system would lead to the end of class antagonism, since the basis of it property ownership would have been eliminated thereby creating a classless society where all give according to his/ her ability and receive according to his/ her needs.Another theory of the evolution of state that can be applied to the reason why war occurs is the Force theory. This school of thought holds that the state is a creation of conquest and coercion of the weak by the strong. The state was seen as evil because it was a way of oppressing the poor. However, German writers of the 19th century, contended that force was an essential attribute of a state. (Oyediran, 199819). The Force theory can genuinely be adduce as a basis why war emerge between nation.Countries that are strong and have mighty military force had in the past annexed weak countries to themselves. They succeeded in doing this by embarking on war with them. In 1939, Finlands decision to resist the invasions and annexation aggression of Soviet led to the Winter War. Though cases of invasion and annexations that did not lead to a war abound such as the U.S. led invasion of Haiti in 1994, the Nazi invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia anterior the Second World War, and the annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union in 1940.CONCLUSION The different Political Theorist has directed their argument on the reason why war occurs, even though not in the same tone and directio n, the fact that the selfish interest and self- seeking nature of man and government, has been identified as a major reason why war has been a recurrent factor in the international arena. Even internally, where civil war occurs within the boundary of a country this has retained the same causal factor. The fact is traceable down line immemorial of historical war among nations.Furthermore, the scarce resource, such as power has been a basis for the eruption of conflicts among nations, since these resource cannot go round, it tend to be conflictual.REFERENCESAkhakpe, Ighodalo, (2000), Leading Issues in Political Thought. Lagos A- Triad Associates Publishers & Printers.Gerring, John (2005), A Normative Turn in Political Science? Boston University Department of Political Science.Hobbes, Thomas (1946), Leviathan Oxford Basil Blackwill Ltd.Oyediran, Oyeleye (1998), Introduction to Political Science. Lagos-Wikibooks (2005), International relations The Causes of War https//en.wikibooks.org/ wiki/International_RelationsThe_Causes_of_war. (3rd August, 2005)

Body Discourses

Prejudice is just a word that can bring down all the dreams, all the island of that unadulterated world that one creates from day one. The beautiful tress that are the dream of all the human beings, of which the scandalous people unfortunately are deprived of, is the sanctioned human right that everyone is born with. The true reflection of the body discourse was revealed to me when I first met one of my friends who used to live in the Mississippi.There we sat together and she then spelled her entire world to me where she tells me how badly her family and all the black families of Mississippi were treated and exclaimed about the sufferings throughout her life and came out the different end with resolution and honor. She also tells how unfair the flannel men were to the blacks, inside and outside of the courtroom or even to any legal proceedings that were important to them, to their lives and to their future. Prejudice is a hideous subject, and is still skilled today.After our c onversation I realized how ignorance certainly is bliss because it deeply disturbed me after I got to know of the treatment of black people by the hands of white people. When I asked her the reason of the destructed attitude to her and the black families she told me that the the black people were tortured and tormented for no reason other than that they were black. The black families, not only hers simply all the black families were in the constant fear of the nightriders who would kill a man for looking at them the untimely way in those days.The wrong way meant that if only the black people would stare at them then even they would beat them up, they would even stab them and the law and the police would do no involvement to them. It is for this reason that the black people tried to keep their eyes low and towards the ground and bear the degradation so that their families wouldnt get scathe. She tells me how her father use to explain to her when she used to be extremely shocked a nd disturbed to see her fathers scars and bleedings as to why he would take them as part of supper and wouldnt do anything about it.She says that she use to turn wild but her father use to tell her that its not such(prenominal) a good idea to get involved as they dont have much to do with the white folks. When she questioned as to why not her mother would make a face and say that the white folks are naughty, mean and trouble makers. She says that though her mother used to smile but she could see her eyes crying and her perk the deep thunder of her heart. When I came close to hug her I did notice that the honor and confidence that the black people possess. Prejudice is a terrible thing to encounter, especially when dealing with ignorant and dastardly people.It is bad enough that the white man treated the black man unfairly on an informal everyday basis, but it is so much worse when they carry it into the juridical system. In the book, the white men try to make sure that the black s lose their land. To do this, the beach demands more money than her father can pay, and there is nothing anyone can do about it. No one can go to the police or the courts to complain, for they are all ruled by prejudiced white men. My black friend had extreme fear and sorrow in her eyes when she told how the three white men went to court for setting a black mans house on fire, that black man was her uncle.She even told that they were proud to do so and when they went to the court the sound out ruled very unfairly as was expected. The judge states that the crime that they committed was triggered by outside influences, and that it wasnt their fault. He implies that it is alright to do what they did, because the FBI agents that are in townspeople are provoking them. Prejudice and partiality trigger the type of unfairness the judge shows. The judge was white, and so were the men on trial. What else could he do but acquit them? In his mind, the judge saw that as the right thing to do. She even tells that her first day at school was horrible, Girls and boys throwing dirt at her saucy clothes and spitting at her calling her a dirt nigger. She even says that once at school she and her white class acquaintance got hurt because of some accident, she was more of threatened by her teacher to help her giving her class acquaintance the first aid and nobody bothered to ask her instead. She went basis with all the injury. And her mother was not startled to know what had happened to her rather she said to get used to the pain.The injury was so deep and so painful that the define said that it had formed the apses and the finger needed to be removed. Her story was making me realize badly and viciously the black people are treated, and how they were brave and honorable, and how the judicial system made spine slight efforts to make black people as miserable and deprived of rights as possible. Prejudice is not something someone is born with, it is exactly taught at a young ag e. In an ideal world, everyone would get along, and treat each other fairly. There would be no such thing as hate crimes, discrimination, or deprivation of civil rights.The violence and terror levels would plummet, and the streets would be safer for todays children. The word prejudice would vanish, and words like equality and unity would have overbold meaning. She tells more about her getting nagged daily by the street boys and girls and the way they looked at her face. She said that at the moment she felt as if she was build with a garbage can. She says that she knew that her days at the school were of less time period because for her integrity and her self-respect could not be paid by any schooling. trio weeks of school and she was home.She says that her mother would cry over her decision because it was very rare that a nigger would be part of any school any statement not even a good post was destined for them. But then they decided to shift to a new land. They were nomads and so travelling with less food and less water was most obvious. And so after the cruel and torturous travel they are here and I listen to their story. BIBLIOGRAPHY Read, Alan. The Fact of blackamoor Frantz Fanon and Visual Representation. University of Michigan Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1996.

Chemistry in Our Lives

emend living through better chemistry Chemistry affects our lives in many different ways, e reallyday. The air you exhort everyday is an element called hydrogen. Chemistry affects us in good ways and bad ways. So, I resolute to do it in both points of view. Without chemistry our lives wouldnt be as easy it is right now only if there is a other side to it. Without chemistry we wouldnt have communication, transportation, medicine, and technology .If it wasnt for chemistry we would have to agitate messages with messengers like it was years ago, now we can even see each other without being physically there. Alot of people survive because of chemistry for example when there is a tsunami alert or any raw(a) disaster, the alert is being said by technology, if it wasnt for this many people would die.Our transportation is a big purpose as well. We can travel many places in days when by car than traveling by horse with no heater or air condition, having suffer with the weather and itll take months to get to places rather than traveling by a vechicule. Our supplies are transported by trains, we dont suffer from our neccessities, we dont have to wait for them.When there is an emergency, theres an ambulance thats created for emergencies with red, yellow, and on the loose(p) blue lights and also it chafes a loud noise which lets other drivers to move out the way. If it wasnt for chemistry, there would be a lot of people dying from diseases, posinous animal bites, toxic chemicals, etc. Babies are vaccinated to make their immune system strong enough to fight against many diseases and infections, trying to prevent tragedies.Antibiotics are very important as well. Antibiotics have been the cure to many diseases, by killing or stopping the product of bacteria. Before plants, fungi, and lichen were used to try heal infections. We have medicine at the reach of our hands. Have a headache? Take a pill. Cant sleep? Take Night-quil. There always seem to be a solution to our aches.

Snickers Chocolate’s Global Share

Global Candy Sales Market Shargon $ Sales in Millions set Company 2011 2012 2011 2012* Snickers spoil Inc 1. 7 1. 8 $3,286 $3,572 M&Ms spoil Inc 1. 8 1. $3,380 $3,494 Trident Kraft Foods Inc 1. 8 1. 7 $3,354 $3,321 Reeses Hershey Co, The 1. 3 1. 4 $2,553 $2,679 Galaxy/ plunge Mars Inc 1. 3 1. 3 $2,407 $2,597 Milka Kraft Foods Inc 1. 3 1. $2,530 $2,510 Cadbury dairy Milk Kraft Foods Inc 1. 3 1. 3 $2,414 $2,506 Orbit Mars Inc 1. 3 1. 3 $2,441 $2,501 Extra Mars Inc 1. 1 1. 2 $2,115 $2,231 Kit Kat Nestle SA 1. 0 1. $1,933 $1,979 Mentos Perfetti Van Melle Group 0. 9 0. 9 $1,649 $1,711 U. S. Candy Sales Market Share $ Sales in Millions Brand Company 2011 2012 2011 2012* Reeses Hershey Co, The 7. 7. 7 $2,479 $2,603 Ms Mars Inc 6. 8 6. 8 $2,238 $2,300 Snickers Mars Inc 5. 5 6. 0 $1,815 $2,020 Kit Kat Hershey Co, The 2. 8 2. 8 $917 $948 Twizzlers Hershey Co, The 2. 3 2. $746 $801 Trident Kraft Foods Inc 2. 2 2. 0 $732 $674 Twix Mars Inc 1. 8 1. 9 $598 $655 Extra M ars Inc 1. 8 1. 8 $598 $610 Orbit Mars Inc 1. 7 1. $561 $549 Milky Way Mars Inc 1. 6 1. 6 $516 $539 Galaxy/Dove Mars Inc 1. 6 1. 5 $523 $504 Starburst Mars Inc 1. 3 1. 4 $433 $467 Godiva Yildiz Holding AS 1. 1 1. $373 $391 *2012 figures are projections. Source Euromonitor Internationa Snickers Surging to Top of Global Candy Race Mars-Owned Candy Bar Set to reject Sibling M&Ms, Krafts Trident in New Euromonitor Ranking By E.J. Schultz Published September 20, 2012 208 mete divulge this page picpicpicpic in that location is a new glaze kingpin. Snickers will pass M&Ms as the top international confectionery brand by the end of the year, giving the 82-year-old candy bar a satisfying victory in the ball-shaped chocolate wars, according to a projection by Euromonitor International. Snickers is definitely on target to egest M&Ms, Lee Linthicum, Euromonitors planetary head of food research, told Ad Age. He cited U. S. innovations and strong harvest-tide in e merging markets as factors in moving the candy bar from No. 3 to No. 1, alike surpassing Trident. Going forward, the race for the top is now a sibling rivalry because Mars Inc. owns Snickers and M&Ms, which are separated by a razor-thin margin. While a win for Mars, the rankings are a waiver for Kraft Foods Trident. The gum brand pretermit from second to third place as projected 2012 intercontinental sales slipped to $3. 2 billion from $3. 35 billion in 2011. Kraft remains the global attractor with 14. 7% share when all confectionery brands are totaled. But the food giants share of the category fell from 14. 8% in 2011, while No. 2 Mars jumped to 14. 4% from 14. 1%, according to Euromonitor. The reel at the top was first reported by Candy & Snack Today, a publication by the National Confectioners Association. Among individual brands, the worldwide candy battle remains close and fragmented, with only a share of a share point separating the top 10. Snickers is pass jud gment to surge from $3. 29 billion in global sales last year to $3. 57 billion for 2012, capturing a 1. 8% share, according to Euromonitor projections. The brand, whose ad theatrical is BBDO, has been backed with major media investments in recent years, including Super ringlet spots featuring Betty White and Roseanne Barr, who have twain stared in the ongoing Youre Not You When Youre Hungry advertize. But Ms which Mars featured in this years Super Bowl spot is not far behind, growing from $3. 38 billion to $3. 9 billion in global sales, according to Euromonitor projections. Mr. Linthicum attributed Snickers climb to its strong performance in the U. S. , which accounts for a huge share of the global candy market. Domestically, the candy bar has aggressively pushed a line extension called Snickers Peanut Butter Squared, which launched last year and features two square-shape bars that adds peanut butter to the familiar mix of peanuts, caramel, nougat and milk chocolate. Gl obally, the brand is benefiting from strong growth in Eastern europium.In Russia, sales have doubled since 2007 to $300 million, partly as a endpoint of distribution gains Mars has made by acquiring some ex-Soviet chocolate companies, he said. While that should in addition help Ms, the bite-size candies face more competition in the region, where smaller candies are more established and familiar, Mr. Linthicum said. By contrast, candy bars like Snickers are more of a novelty, he said. In the U. S. , Hershey Co. s Reeses is expected to remain the top brand, with a projected $2. 6 billion in sales capturing 7. % market share for 2012, according to Euromonitor, which uses a variety of sources to track all sales channels, from Walmart to vending machines. M&Ms, which is also handled by BBDO, is projected to hold onto the No. 2 slot stateside with 6. 8% share, followed by Snickers (6%) and Hersheys Kit Kat (2. 8%). Still, Reeses remains stuck in fourth place globally with 1. 4% share, according to Euromonitor projections. The reasons are twofold Hershey has less(prenominal) of a global footprint than Mars, Mr. Linthicum said. Also, peanut butter is not as popular in Europe as it is in the States.It is a very uniquely American thing, he said. That sweet-savory juxtaposition of flavors is something of an acquired taste. Mr. Linthicum pinned Tridents struggles on steadfast competition from Wrigley 5, the Mars-owned brand that launched in the states in 2007 with slick packaging, innovative flavors and a highly produced ad campaign by Energy BBDO called Stimulate Your Senses. The flashy appeal has resonated globally. Its even gaining share in Greece of all places, Mr. Linthicum said. everywhere they release it around the world its worked. In the U.S. , Wrigley 5 is now the 4th-largest gum brand with a 7. 43% share, according to SymphonyIRI, which excludes Walmart. Kraft, which on Oct. 1 will split off its candy and snacking business into a associ ation called Mondelez International, is fighting back with its first global ad campaign for Trident by Saatchi & Saatchi that is more emotional than anterior efforts, which had touted functional benefits such as oral health and vitamins. Meanwhile, in the States Kraft recently rolled out ID Gum by Stride, featuring artsy packaging and a gimmick-filled campaign by Droga5.

Advanced Target Marketing: Wound Care

citrus tree register aggravate dish out facility provides comprehensive meliorate of chronic and acute non-healing teases and offers hyperbaric oxygen therapy in an outpatient setting. The pore utilizes a multidisciplinary fire to wound dish out. A police squad approach is used to provide patients with the more or less optimal wound intercession possible. The clinic optimizes its ability to provide patients with the best maintenance possible by using advanced wound healing products including bioengineered skin products, total contact casting, and comprehensive compression wraps.The wound care center offers complete coordination of care including scheduling appointment for patients that require run that are provided outside of the clinic. Budget constraints on the market subdivision has created a great need for market segmentation. Treating the contact population as a homogenous grouping is not cost effective or efficient. There is many benefits that can be obtained from a more selective patsy marketing approach than what is already currently used. Therefore citrus tree Memorial appal caution has recently adopted an new marketing outreach program that will be discussed in greater detail later in this summary.Lifestyle Profile Importance Costumer needs and preferences differ found on their lifestyles. It is important to research and utilize this information to produce the best marketing stagey possible. Eric Berkowitz (Berkowitz 2006, p. 111) wrote in the book Essentials of Health Care market placeing that, Lifestyle is an important aspect affecting a consumers decision-making process. The term lifestyle incorporates the way individuals perceive events, prioritize their interests, and how they spend their time.Obtaining knowledge about the environsing demographics life style will greatly improve citrous fruit Memorials ability to develop give up strategies to market to specific consumers. To better the companies ability to market to th e most beneficial market in the surrounding area the facility has established which market is the most likely to seek wound care make outment. Wound care patients are predominately patients 55 to 85 years of age with diabetes, venous or arterial insufficiencies, or post surgical patients.The optimal demographic for the wound care center to market to are verify patients that are highly motivated in maintaining their health and quality of life. The marketing surgical incision has selected the most shiny and cost beneficial demographic groups to focus our marketing programs found on the previously stated information. Citrus county is predominately caucasian. According to the U. S Census Bureau (2009) persons 65 years make up greater than 30% of the total population. Specific locations in Citrus County have been targeted which contain the largest population of the target market.Exclusively 55 and older communities are frequent and will be targeted directly. Income levels are not si gnificantly predictive of the most likely economical demographic that seeks wound care treatment. Both males and females utilize the services equally. In their annual report Wellflorida (Wellflorida 2010), states that Citrus County has a high percentage, 21%, of non-elderly uninsured individuals. This statistical data re-enforces the decision not to target this demographic. The statistical data has proven to be vary reliable and correlates directly with the observations of the author. Target MarketServices for chronic non healing ulcers will be marketed to diabetic elderly adults ages 55 to 85 as wholesome as disabled individuals. These services will also marketed to skilled nursing facilities as well as family practitioners in the area due to the large incidence of the selected demographic housed within the facilities. Specific areas in the community will be targeted that contain higher than average percentages of the target market. Hyperbaric treatments will be marketed to radi ation therapy patients, diabetic ulcer patients, osteomyolitis patients, post surgical patients, as well as patients with osteoradionecrosis.Health professionals that will be marketed to for the hyperbaric therapy services include oncologist, cancer treatment centers, as well as reconstructive surgeons. Much care has been taken in deciding how the the marketing schemes will be positioned by dint ofout the community. It is important to distinguish Citrus Memorial Wound Care from competitors and become local health professionals and consumers preferred location to prescribe services to or receive service at.Citrus Memorial Wound Care is a hospital based outpatient facility however there are significantly small rates of referrals from within the hospital itself. material marketing will be done within the hospital to encourage physicians and staff to utilize the wound care facility as a valuable resource. Educational lunches and promotional seminars will be offered to surround facilit ies that have been targeted as having a high likelihood of utilizing the wound care services Citrus Memorial provides. Social indicators are key to locating the appropriate location to advertise to.Selecting appropriate mediums to advertise through greatly improve responses from marketing. Citrus Memorial has adopted a direct marketing approach to target the best prospective consumers. Utilizing the database from the local chamber of commerce 26 health facilities have been selected that fit the craved target market profile. Representatives from each facility attended an educational dinner. The event showcased detailed information on how Citrus Memorial Wound Care can help each facility successfully treat patients.Each representative who attended the program was provided a box of Citrus Memorial Wound Care business cards. Patient education pamphlets, referral templates, as well as other promotional items were also distributed amongst the attendees. To didder patient awareness of the wound care facility throughout the community lifestyle profiles questionnaires have been distributed via newspaper publisher inserts in select locations previously selected by the marketing department. The lifestyle questionnaires stimulate patients to become aware of their health status.The questionnaires are provided with free postage to the patient to increase the response rate. The questions asked in the marketing tools allows the marketing department locate potential patients as well as provides insight in to how the community perceives the facility. Conclusion Citrus Memorial Wound Care facility provides comprehensive healing of chronic and acute non-healing wounds and offers hyperbaric oxygen therapy in an outpatient setting. In order to improve patient visitations rates the center has adapted multiple techniques to improve its marketing ability.The center utilizes a multidisciplinary approach that provides patients with the most optimal wound treatment possible. Reaching t he appropriate demographic through statistical analyzation of the communities lifestyle profile has proved to be successful and effective. The wound care center offers complete coordination of care that can benefit many individuals. It is the duty of the Citrus Memorial Marketing team to create the opportunities necessary for individuals to choose to peruse wound care at Citrus Memorial heath Systems.